I have broken all the rules. I have two goldfish in a smallish bowl (Spaz and Chester). I change the whole bowl weekly with tap water and feed daily. These guys have lived on my kitchen counter for two years! Spaz is getting kind of big and needs a larger home. I don't want an aquarium, so here's my question...which is more important, depth or serfice area?
I am sad to see something so cruel as goldfish in bowls. The only excuse for that is ignorance. They say ignorance is bliss, but that is true only for the ignorant. Now that you know what keeping large fish in inadequate volume of water mean, you are no longer ignorant and you must do one of the two things to correct your action which now is inexcusable. Either find a large 50G vessel to keep them in, an 18" deep tub will do, or return them to the LFS. You could also find a pond owner who would take them from you.
As to the question of surface area and depth: - It all depends upon the variety of fish to be kept. Deep bodied large fishes need deep water, and rice fishes would love a 6" deep pool as home, the volumes being otherwise adequate.